ResumenLa petición es un acto de habla que ha sido ampliamente analizado en la bibliografía del español, especialmente a partir de cuestionarios de uso. En este artículo procedemos a su estudio desde una nueva perspectiva: la reproducción de la petición en el discurso directo. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se ha recopilado un subcorpus de 112 enunciados de estilo directo que contienen peticiones, procedentes de una muestra de corpus orales de entrevistas semidirigidas del español centro-norte peninsular. Se han distinguido (...) dos tipos de peticiones según su contexto de producción original: por un lado, en situaciones transaccionales y, por otro, en interacciones de proximidad social. A continuación, se han clasificado las estrategias utilizadas en la expresión de este acto de habla entre las más directivas, que hacen que la petición se asemeje a la orden, y las más indirectas, que la aproximan al ofrecimiento. A partir de los datos recopilados, se analiza si se producen variaciones en la expresión de este acto entre ambos tipos de situaciones, y si el contexto comunicativo en el que se reproduce el discurso –la entrevista semidirigida– influye en la expresión, por el interés de los hablantes en proyectar una imagen social de sí mismos más cuidada y formal, acorde a las nuevas circunstancias contextuales. (shrink)

The referred speech is usually presented by declarative verbs. However, there are other semantic classes specialized in speech reproduction procedures, such as request verbs. From the analysis of the Archivo de Textos Hispánicos de la Universidad de Santiago, made up of texts of oral, theatrical, journalistic and narrative language, we try to establish the frequency of use of the verbs implorar, suplicar, rogar, solicitar, pedir, reclamar and exigir as introducers of referred speech, as well as their greater or lesser productivity (...) according to the type of procedure: indirect style, direct style, pseudo-direct style and hybrid style. In addition, the characteristics of each structure are explored with the proposal of knowing the configuration mode of the sequences that introduces each verb (its members, the position of each element, etc.) and that establish certain differences between them within each type of referred speech. (shrink)

Editores: José María Cuenca López; Jesús Estepa Giménez; Myriam J. Martín Cáceres Título: Investigación y buenas prácticas en educación patrimonial entre la escuela y el museo. Territorio, emociones y ciudadanía Lugar de edición: Gijón Editorial: Ediciones Trea Idioma: español Año: 2020 ISBN: 978-84-18105-99-9 Páginas: 496.

La tradición filosófica se ha aproximado al hombre en términos universales y abstractos. Este articulo explora la posibilidad filosófica de tantear al hombre de manera más concreta desde la especificidad de su sexualidad recurriendo al pensamiento de Julián Marías, quien incorpora en la filosofía las categorías y las reflexiones en torno a la condición sexuada y la existencia de la “persona masculina” y la “persona femenina” como dos modos en que deviene la persona.

Una búsqueda en la historia de las publicaciones de la provincia de Camagüey, fundamentalmente revistas y periódicos que incluyeron artículos de carácter científico entre las décadas del treinta y el cincuenta del siglo XX, es propósito esencial de este trabajo. El sondeo realizado permitió la valoración de la figura de la primera doctora camagüeyana en Medicina Gertrudis Aguilera Céspedes y su actuación descollante en este período. Para ello se revisaron los documentos que atesoran la Sala de Fondos Raros y Valiosos (...) de la Biblioteca Provincial “Julio Antonio Mella”, el Departamento de Investigaciones del Museo Provincial “Ignacio Agramonte” y bibliotecas particulares de algunos médicos y profesionales del territorio. La búsqueda condujo a la demostración del impacto que en el orden científico representó esta galena y además, una contribución para preservar la memoria cultural de nuestra ciudad A search in the Camagüey´s publications, mainly articles with scientific purposes during the thirty's up to the fifty's in the XX Century, is covered under the scope of this work. The study was carried out to value the figure of the first female doctor in Medicine Gertrudis Aguilera Cespedes and her outstanding performance at that time. Some journals and documents from different libraries were revised. The search led to the demonstration of the impact that Tula Aguilera represented for this scientific field, at the same time this is a contribution to preserve the cultural memory of Camagüey city. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

Enseñar el Holocausto o Shoá en la educación formal de niñas, niños y jóvenes es fundamental por múltiples razones, entre las que nos interesa destacar: articula una formación ética en las personas, anclada en valores tan relevantes como la inclusión y el respeto a la diversidad, la igualdad de derechos, la libertad de expresión, el diálogo social y comunitario, la solidaridad; permite fortalecer la convivencia democrática y la resolución de conflictos desde la promoción y defensa de los Derechos Humanos, cultivando (...) una politización democrática. En este marco educativo, proponemos diversas estrategias didácticas para la enseñanza del Holocausto, utilizando la imagen y el cine para desarrollar temáticas controversiales, que permiten levantar y sostener preguntas problematizadoras y reflexivas de la realidad histórico-social. (shrink)

Neural cell transplants have been introduced in clinical practice during the last decade with mixed results, encouraged by success with simple animal models. This commentary is a reminder that although the ideas and techniques of transplantation appear simple, the variables involved in host-transplant integration still require further study. The field may benefit from a concerted, multidisciplinary approach.

Dibujar el pensamiento de Seneca es dibujar su figura viva, trazar el esquema de su persona. Seneca es un mediador que para alzarse sobre nosotros necesita de nuestra necesidad, pues solo apoyado en nuestra indigencia tiene sentido. Maria Zambrano lleva a cabo un lucido estudio de la figura y significacion del pensador cordobes y presenta una seleccion de sus escritos.

Resumen: En este artículo se presentan los resultados iniciales del análisis del fenómeno del habla ascendente registrada en enunciados en foco amplio en seis hablantes monolingües de español y seis hablantes nativos de mapudungun con manejo funcional de español de la IX Región. Se analizaron acústicamente los fragmentos entonativos de los primeros cinco minutos de conversación de los hablantes bilingües para describir las alturas tonales de las sílabas nucleares y postnucleares. Estos se compararon con los enunciados equivalentes de hablantes monolingües. (...) Los resultados expresados en notación fonológica y en semitonos muestran una tendencia a un mayor ascenso tonal en hablantes de la zona precordillerana en comparación con hablantes de zonas rurales más próximas a la capital de la Región.: This paper presents preliminary outcomes of the analysis of the rising tone phenomenon found in utterances with a wide focus produced by six monolingual Spanish speakers and six native speakers of Mapudungun who have a functional command of Spanish, all of them from Región de La Araucanía in Chile. The intonational phrases of the five first minutes of conversation with native speakers were analyzed in order to describe the pitch of nuclear and postnuclear syllables. These were later compared with equivalent utterances produced by monolingual speakers. The outcomes, expressed in phonological notation and in semitones, show a tendency to a higher tone rise in speakers from the foothills of the Andes mountain range as compared with speakers from rural areas located nearer the capital of the Region. (shrink)

Luego de veinte años desde la recuperación de la democracia en Chile, el modelo transicional basado en el pensamiento concertacionista, ha demostrado carecer de flexibilidad y capacidad de adaptación a los nuevos contextos. La matriz de gobernabilidad establecida por éste modelo, bajo supuestos de verticalidad en las relaciones y estabilidad en la estructura institucional se ha visto confrontada por el surgimiento de nuevos actores con capacidad de veto social que exigen inclusión y participación en la toma de decisiones, lo que (...) determina la necesidad de consolidar un nuevo pacto de gobernabilidad. Los objetivos generales de este trabajo consisten en identificar factores de obsolescencia de la matriz de gobernabilidad en Chile entre 1990 y 2012 y, al mismo tiempo identificar las oportunidades para establecer un nuevo equilibrio en la interacción de los actores estratégicos. Para lo anterior se describirá, en primer lugar, las líneas básicas del debate sobre gobernabilidad, así como los aspectos centrales del modelo chileno de transición. Luego se caracterizará la conflictividad social en América Latina a la luz de los procesos políticos de nivel macro experimentados en las últimas décadas. En tercer lugar, se analizarán algunos factores que explican la creciente conflictividad social en Chile y la genética de la desviación política manifestada en nuevos actores y repertorios de protesta. Finalmente, se analizaran diferentes escenarios hipotéticos para reequilibrar la relación entre actores políticos institucionales y nuevos actores con capacidad de veto social. (shrink)

Elite athletes are characterized by their high level of performance in sport. Since the very beginnings of sport, it has been understood that physical and physiological abilities influence the performance of athletes. Advances in scientific knowledge, especially sport psychology and neuroscience, seem to confirm this intuition and consequently it is possible to characterize elite athletes as having an extraordinary combination of physical and mental abilities. Techniques and substances that contribute to enhancing physical characteristics of athletes have also been well known (...) for ages. But it is now possible to make use of other techniques and substances that not only enhance physical abilities but also cognitive capabilities, which seem to require greater consideration given their direct impact on the athlete’s brain. In this article, we examine two such techniques, cognitive enhancers and transcranial stimulators, and highlight the potential advantages and drawbacks that applying each one may have on sport. Given the relative novelty of these enhancement techniques and substances and the absence of conclusive evidence regarding their short- and long-term effects, we deem that their use ought to be strictly governed by cautionary principles. But due to that same lack of evidence, we believe that the possibility of examining the feasibility of applying these techniques to sport should not be denied. (shrink)

The essential role of creativity has been highlighted in several human knowledge areas. Regarding the neural underpinnings of creativity, there is evidence about the role of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) on divergent thinking (DT) and convergent thinking (CT). Transcranial stimulation studies suggest that the left DLPFC is associated with both DT and CT, whereas left IFG is more related to DT. However, none of the previous studies have targeted both hubs simultaneously and compared (...) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and random noise stimulation (tRNS). Additionally, given the relationship between cognitive flexibility and creativity, we included it in order to check if the improvement in creativity may be mediated by cognitive flexibility. In this double-blind, between-subjects study, 66 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (N = 22) that received a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), or sham for 20 min. The tDCS group received 1.5 mA with the anode over the left DLPFC and cathode over the left IFG. Locations in tRNS group were the same and they received 1.5 mA of high frequency tRNS (100–500 Hz). Divergent thinking was assessed before (baseline) and during stimulation with unusual uses (UU) and picture completion (PC) subtests from Torrance Creative thinking Test, whereas convergent thinking was evaluated with the remote association test (RAT). Stroop test was included to assess cognitive flexibility. ANCOVA results of performance under stimulation (controlling for baseline performance) showed that there were significant differences in PC (F = 3.35, p = 0.042, np2 = 0.10) but not in UU (F = 0.61, p = 0.546) and RAT (F = 2.65, p = 0.079) scores. Post-hoc analyses showed that tRNS group had significantly higher scores compared to sham (p = 0.004) in PC. More specifically, tRNS showed higher performance in fluency (p = 0.012) and originality (p = 0.021) dimensions of PC compared to sham. Regarding cognitive flexibility, we did not find any significant effect of any of the stimulation groups (F = 0.34, p = 0.711). Therefore, no further mediation analyses were performed. Finally, the group that received tDCS reported more adverse effects than sham group (F = 3.46, p = 0.035). Altogether, these results suggest that tRNS may have some advantages over tDCS in DT. (shrink)

Hilary Putnam is one of the world’s leading philosophers. His highly original and often provocative ideas have set the agenda for a variety of debates in philosophy of science, philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. His now famous philosophical thought experiments, such as the ‘Twin earth’ and ‘the brains in the vat’ have become part of the established canon in philosophy and cognitive science. _Reading Putnam_ is an outstanding overview and assessment of Hilary Putnam’s work by a team of (...) international contributors, and includes replies by Putnam himself. Divided into clear sections, it contains chapters on key aspects of Putnam’s large body of writing, including: Scientific realism and the changes that Putnam’s thought has undergone on this topic analyticity and ontology, including the important interconnections between the views of Putnam and Quine Putnam’s arguments concerning externalist views of meaning and reference, questions of conceptual relativity, and his preoccupation with ethics through a denial of the fact–value dichotomy Putnam’s developing views on perception. Offering an excellent survey of Putnam’s work, _Reading Putnam_ is essential for those studying philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science, as well as for anyone interested in contemporary philosophy. (shrink)

Positive reappraisal strategies have been found to reduce negative affect following the recall of negative personal events. This study examined the restorative effect of two mood-repair instructions (self-compassion vs benefit-focused reappraisal) and a control condition with no instructions following a negative Mood Induction Procedure by using the guided recall of a negative autobiographical event. A total of 112 university students participated in the online study (81% women, Mage: 21.0 years). Immediately following the negative memory recall, participants were randomised to each (...) condition [(self-compassion: n = 36, benefit-focused: n = 39) or a control condition (n = 37)]. Repeated measures ANOVAs 3 (Repair condition) × 3 (Time of mood assessment: pre-recall, post-recall, post-regulation) showed that, as expected, negative mood (sadness, shame, and guilt) worsened significantly after the guided recall in all groups (p <.001). After the mood-repair intervention, participants in the self-compassion and benefit-focused conditions showed a significant reduction in negative mood (p <.019), while such improvement was not observed in the control group. Self-compassion and benefit-focused reappraisal functioned similarly as mood repair strategies after experiencing negative affect induced by the recall of negative personal memories. Implications in the context of autobiographical memory biases are discussed. (shrink)

The standard therapy/enhancement distinction is usually related to health purposes and some sense of normality. In this paper, I will challenge the basis of the distinction arguing that only the first part of it is related to health and, consequently, the distinction should be better understood as differentiating between qualitative and quantitative consequences of interventions. As health and normality are broad concepts inside of which it is possible to make some ulterior distinctions, I will propose three different senses of normality (...) in order to more easily grasp the therapy/enhancement distinction. As with the distinction between therapy and enhancement, the difference between sports- and non-sports-persons is usually stated in terms of health and normality. I will challenge this assumption, too. In my opinion, the main difference between people, sportspeople and athletes should be related to the practice itself. Once the practice of a sport is taken seriously, along with its tough and demanding life... (shrink)

Este artigo pretende apresentar as principais ideias que circundam o problema da demarcação científica a partir da perspectiva do filósofo da ciência Karl Popper. Primeiramente, se buscará apresentar o problema ligado ao raciocínio indutivo, conhecido como o problema da indução. Posteriormente será apresentado o critério de demarcação de Popper, qual seja, a falseabilidade. Por fim, o tratamento que Popper dá à metafísica. Conclui-se que o critério de falseabilidade se caracteriza pela sua decidibilidade unilateral ad falsitatem, ou seja, a ciência deve (...) buscar falsear suas teorias e não as verificar. Através desse critério se possibilita uma justificação lógico-dedutiva da demarcação entre enunciados científicos e metafísicos. O conhecimento científico passa a ser compreendido como corolário oriundo de conjecturas e refutações. A metafísica é elevada à categoria de crítica racional, além de contribuidora do fazer científico através dos programas de pesquisa metafísicos. (shrink)

El atomismo histórico es una respuesta a la pregunta «¿qué es la historia?», quizá el límite de la objetividad de una mirada a lo histórico. El atomismo histórico es una filosofía de la historia sin relato, sin visiones holísticas de la historia. Considera la historia conformada por hechos independientes e irreductibles unos a otros, átomos históricos, una respuesta ontológica por cuanto reduce la historia a un mero agregado de acontecimientos en temporalidad. No reflexiona sobre lo que el hombre es, sino (...) sobre lo que el hombre ha hecho, interesa su obra total resultado de la actividad manipuladora de la realidad, lo que llama estructura. La historia no es nada más que la colosal acumulación de hechos históricos fruto de la libertad, la libertad es el gran corolario de esta doctrina, de los sujetos que los llevaron a cabo, que han implicado una novedad influyente en la estructura. El atomismo histórico es una filosofía de la historia formal. Se deja a los historiadores la tarea de la descripción concreta de los hechos históricos y de las agrupaciones de estructuras que conforman cada período histórico. Y como pura forma, no sólo carece de relatos concretos sino que además imposibilita un relato holístico. (shrink)

Exploramos las actitudes de los españoles hacia las herramientas digitales propuestas por los actores políticos durante las elecciones generales españolas de 2008. Analizamos seis grupos de discusión organizados según las dimensiones de edad, identificación ideológica y nivel de institucionalización a la hora de participar en política. Exploramos hasta qué punto la brecha digital generacional de los usuarios de Internet, la auto-ubicación ideológica o la pertenencia a partidos políticos y movimientos sociales influye en la percepción de la ciberpolítica. Los resultados son (...) complejos. La ciudadanía percibió como la igualdad de las prácticas digitales no se correspondía con las potencialidades de una ciberdemocracia distorsionada. (shrink)

Se queremos analizar as causas do ascenso electoral do PP e a conquista da alcaldía, deberiamos ter en conta que durante moitos anos o PSOE traballou para o PP, abandonando na Coruña a política de esquerdas e unha pedagoxía política progresista, e centrando o seu obxectivo en recoller votos da dereita. Cando o impulsor desa política é «desterrado» ao Vaticano, o PP non tivo máis que recoller os votos que previamente sementara o propio PSOE. E aí están os resultados. Este (...) libro completa unha triloxía iniciada coa publicación en 2003 de A Coruña de Paco Vázquez e en 2007 con Outra Coruña é posíbel, que poden ser ferramentas útiles para que a cidadanía e futuras xeracións poidan coñecer un pouco mellor a historia dos últimos corenta anos. Os auténticos valedores de Carlos Negreira, o mesmo que de Paco Vázquez, son os poderes fácticos da Coruña, é dicir, aqueles que sempre mandaron e nunca se presentan ás eleccións. Antonio Fontenla, presidente da Confederación de Empresario, presentaba así a Carlos Negreira: «Es un amigo con el que puedes contar; con pocas personas nos hemos entendido tan bien, casi sin hablar». Esta sintonía entre o poder económico e político continuou durante os catro anos do goberno de Negreira, favorecendo os intereses do capital, de grandes empresarios e promotores inmobiliarios, e procurando manter as honras a fascistas concedidas durante a ditadura. Está nas nosas mans acabar con esta longa noite de pedra. (shrink)

In this paper we examine different answers to the question of what we are, focusing in particular on eliminative and reductivist proposals about persons or selves. We conclude that, as of today, dualism seems more reasonable than naturalism, if by naturalism we understand the thesis that psychological entities can be reduced or eliminated.

Drawing on recent findings, this study examines whether valence concordant electromyography (EMG) responses can be explained as an unconditional effect of mere stimulus processing or as somatosensory simulation driven by task-dependent processing strategies. While facial EMG over the Corrugator supercilii and the Zygomaticus major was measured, each participant performed two tasks with pictures of album covers. One task was an affective evaluation task and the other was to attribute the album covers to one of five decades. The Embodied Emotion Account (...) predicts that valence concordant EMG is more likely to occur if the task necessitates a somatosensory simulation of the evaluative meaning of stimuli. Results support this prediction with regard to Corrugator supercilii in that valence concordant EMG activity was only present in the affective evaluation task but not in the non-evaluative task. Results for the Zygomaticus major were ambiguous. Our findings are in line with the view that EMG activity is an embodied part of the evaluation process and not a mere physical outcome. (shrink)

_Jane and Louise Wilson_ With Essays by Jeremy Millar and Claire Doherty London: Ellipsis, 2000 ISBN 1-84166-027-2 84 pp., inc. 120 b/w photograph.

Scholars have long been intrigued by the Buddha's defining action (karma) as intention. This book explores systematically how intention, agency, and moral psychology were interpreted in all branches of early Theravada thought, paying special attention to the thought of the 5th-century commentator Buddhaghosa.

The purpose of this article is to argue for a position holding that epigenetic responsibility primarily should be a political and not an individual responsibility. Epigenetic is a rapidly growing research field studying regulations of gene expression that do not change the DNA sequence. Knowledge about these mechanisms is still uncertain in many respects, but main presumptions are that they are triggered by environmental factors and life style and, to a certain extent, heritable to subsequent generations, thereby reminding of aspects (...) of Lamarckism. Epigenetic research advances give rise to intriguing challenges for responsibility relations between the society and the individual. Responsibility is commonly understood in a backwards-looking manner, identifying causally responsible actors to blame for a bad outcome. If only a backwards-looking responsibility model is applied, epigenetics might give rise to arduous responsibility ascriptions to individuals for their health and the health of their future descendants. This would put heavy responsibility burdens on actors constrained by unequal social and economic structures. In contrast, a forward-looking responsibility notion takes account of structural conditions and pay attention to who is best placed to do something about conditions contributing to bad outcomes. A forward-looking responsibility notion would partly free disadvantaged individuals from responsibility, and identify actors with power and capacity to do something about structural factors constraining genuine choice. (shrink)

Mental causation is notoriously threatened by the causal exclusion argument. A prominent strategy to save mental causation from causal exclusion consists in subscribing to an interventionist account of causation. This move has, however, recently been challenged by several authors. In this paper, we do two things: We (i) develop what we consider to be the strongest version of the interventionist causal exclusion argument currently on the market and (ii) propose a new way how it can in principle be overcome. In (...) particular, we propose to replace strict supervenience in the assumption that the mental supervenes on the physical by probabilistic supervenience and show how this move has the potential to license the inference to mental causation. Finally, we argue that probabilistic supervenience captures some of the most important intuitions that strict supervenience captures and discuss possible objections to weakening strict supervenience in the way we suggest. (shrink)